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He is disappointed by his Reformed church pastor father Paul Jung's academic way of looking at faith...

Jung's mindset on Faith... more commonalities in what I and a few friends are trying to advance our faith.

Jung (1952, 1954)'s Answer to Job "Antwort auf Hiob"

Quotations from the book:

"The Book of Job places this pious and faithful man, so heavily afflicted by the Lord, on a brightly lit stage where presents his case to the eyes and ears of the world. It is amazing to see how easily Yahweh, quite without reason, let himself be influenced by one of his sons, by a doubt­-thought, and made unsure of Job's faithfulness. With his touchiness and suspiciousness the mere possibility of doubt was enough to infuriate him and induce that peculiar double-faced behaviour of which he had already given proof in the Garden of Eden when he pointed out the tree to the First Parents and at the same time forbid them to eat of it. In this way he anticipated the Fall which he apparently never intended. Similarly his faithful servant Job is now to be exposed to a rigorous moral test quite gratuitously and to him, and to no purpose , although Yahweh is convinced of Job's faithfulness and constancy and more­ over have assured himself beyond all doubt a this point had he taken counsel with his own omniscience.

Why, then is the experiment made at all, and a bet with the unscrupulous slanderer settled, without a stake, on the back of a powerless creature? It is indeed no edifying spectacle to see how quickly Yahweh abandons his faithful servant to the evil spirit and lets him fall without compunction or pity into the abyss of physical and moral suffering. From the human point of view Yahweh's behaviour is so revolting and that one has to ask oneself whether there is not a deeper that motive hidden behind it. Has Yahweh some secret resistance against Job? That would explain his yielding to Satan.


But what does man possess that God does not have? Because of his littleness, puniness, and defencelessness against the Almighty, he possesses, as we have already suggested, a somewhat keener consciousness based on self-reflection: he must, in order to survive, always be mindful of his impotence. God has no need of this circumspection, for nowhere does he come up against an insuperable obstacle that would force him to hesitate and hence make him reflect on himself.

Could a suspicion have grown up in God that man possesses an infinitely small yet more concentrated light than Yahweh, possesses? A jealousy of that kind might per­haps explain his behaviour. It would be quite explicable if some such dim, barely understood deviation from the defi­nition of a mere "creature" had aroused his divine suspi­cions.

Too often already -these human beings had not be­haved in the prescribed manner. Even his trusty servant Job might have something up his sleeve. . . . Hence Yahweh's surprising readiness to listen to Satan's insinuations against his better judgment.


Without further ado Job is robbed of his herds, his servants are slaughtered, his sons and daughters are killed by whirlwind, and he himself is smitten with sickness and ought to the brink of the grave. To rob him of peace together, his wife and his old friends are let loose against m, all of whom say the wrong things. His justified com­plaint finds no hearing with the judge who is so much raised for his justice. Job's right is refused in order that Satan be not disturbed in his play.
One must bear in mind here the dark deeds that follow one another in quick succession: robbery, murder, bodily injury with premeditation, and denial of a fair trial. This is further exacerbated by the fact that Yahweh displays no compunction, remorse, or compassion, but only ruthlessness and brutality. The plea of unconsciousness is invalid, seeing at he flagrantly violates at least three of the command­ments he himself gave out on Mount Sinai.


Job's friends do everything in their power to contribute his moral torments, and instead of giving him, whom God has perfidiously abandoned, their warm-hearted support, they moralize in an all too human manner, that is, in the stupidest fashion imaginable, and "fill him with inkles." They thus' deny him even the last comfort of sympathetic participation and human understanding, so at one cannot altogether suppress the suspicion of connivance in high places.


Why Job's torments and the divine wager should sud­denly come to an end is not quite clear. So long as Job does not actually die, the pointless suffering could be continued indefinitely. We must, however, keep an eye on the background of all these events: it is just possible that some­thing in this background will gradually begin to take shape a compensation for Job's undeserved suffering-some­thing to which Yahweh, even if he had only a faint inkling of it, could hardly remain indifferent. Without Yahweh's knowledge and contrary to his intentions, the tormented
though guiltless Job had secretly been lifted up to a supe­rior knowledge of God which God himself did not possess. Had Yahweh consulted his omniscience, Job would not have had the advantage of him. But then, so many other,things would not have happened either.


Job realizes God's inner antinomy, and in the light of this to realization his knowledge attains a divine numinosity. The possibility of this development lies, one must suppose, in man's "godlikeness," which one should certainly not look is for in human morphology. Yahweh himself had guarded against this error by expressly forbidding the making of images. Job, by his insistence on bringing his case before God, even without hope of, a hearing, had stood his ground and thus created the very obstacle that forced God to re-veal his true nature. With this dramatic climax Yahweh abruptly breaks off his cruel game of cat and mouse.

But if anyone should expect that his wrath will now be turned against the slanderer, he will be severely disappointed. Yah­weh does not think of bringing this mischief-making son of his to account, nor does it ever occur to him to give Job at least the moral satisfaction of explaining his behaviour.

Instead, he comes riding along on the tempest of his al­mightiness and thunders reproaches at the half-crushed human worm:

Who is this that darkens counsel
by words without insight


In view of the subsequent words of Yahweh, one must really ask oneself: Who is darkening what counsel? The only, dark thing here is how Yahweh ever came to make a bet with Satan. It is certainly not Job who has darkened, anything and least of all a counsel, for there was never any' talk of this nor will there be in what follows. The bet does not contain any "counsel' so far as one can see-unless, of course, it was Yahweh himself who egged Satan on Job 38 2 (ZB)."





Last year there was a 2 week intensive training at the Zurich lakeside.




This year the CG Jung Institute Zurich cooperate with ISST (International Society for Sandplay therapy) to offer 1 week of intensive training, entitled "Sandplay and Analytical Psychology", to be held in 22 - 26 June 2009.

It is indeed a very precious opportunity, and also the news has not been out yet. I've got the news directly from the CG Jung Institute Zurich.




It would be posted to the web on CG Jung Institute in Dec 2008.




Don't miss the opportunity!










Sandplay Therapist



H.G. Wells, author and father whose book inspired Margaret Lowenfeld to her "World Technique", and who in turns inspires Dora Klaff, who was encouraged by C.G. Jung to combine Jungian theory and the use of sand as the medium of healing, and growing of the unconscious.







I am going to do my first sandtray with an International Society of Sandplay Therapist in Taipei!!!!!

Feb 09 is my first trip!!!


From : www.bluedoorretreat.com/Sandplay.html

These are the books recommended by my Jungian therapist for people who is considering to go into Jungian therapy, to be an analysand, and also for those who are in therapy for a better understanding of Jung's theory about human psyche, and also can be a guide for our self-reflection too.

1) Man & its symbols. Simple, and first chapter written by Jung himself and followed by his students.
2) Memories, Dreams, and Reflections (Jung's autobiography)
3) The undiscovered self (good for self-reflection in a Jungian style)

And also for those who has a husband, boyfriend who is a puer eternus, eternal youth, who has all these maternal figures around him to satisfy his physical and psychological needs.... "Puer Eternus" written by Jung.

Ha ha, Enjoy!!!!!

Political struggles

Sorry, and Thank you.

Sometimes I am afraid I get your grumpiness, your irritation, I do learn a lotfrom you, and including that as well... (just that I still haven't learned yourcrafts)..Thank you for reassuring that good research can still be done and confirm thatshit research/paper is everywhere. I got a 'vomiting' feeling to see the sameold paper being published everyday..and I am worse than them, so even if I workharder I can only be one of them..this is a suffocating thought.

I take all these years here in an ivory tower...some kind of suffering ortraining..I don't trust govt hospitals, existing system very much (ai ai..this is so muchlike Ben..), existing CP services / training..shit..I don't know if such things exist at all when I had this inner urge (divinecall) (now there is some similar org in HK), I would work from a Christian community, or church setting to bring about such researched, and human-centred,theologically-sounded psychotherapies.

The thing is, Christian communities/org is not grounded too well inpsychopathologies, and research-based knowledge, and the integration oftheology and the complexities in psychology not very well done (still in thebeginning)...etc

But church-setting is definitely my ultimate home, and not a govt hospital oruniversity, though I may need to stay there in the meantime...Up till now, there is still the impression that only not very professionalpeople end up in church setting, and it is like a great limit in careerdevelopment to fixate in a church/Christian community.

I don't think I can do this (ai x 100times)... but I feel the urge (divine call)to bring solid (well-researched & theoretically grounded) psychotherapiesintegrated with Christian spirituality INTO Christian communities/org, and thatis ultimately for Christians and NON-Christians. So far, I find Jungianpsychoanalysis and existentialism the closest, and I am at the moment seriouslyattracted to Jungian....(to the point of spending thousands/month on it...so Ineed $$$ ai x 10), and from the theology side, Paul Tillich, and Karl Bath the closest.

ai ai ai it is such a long road.. My idea above about pastoral service is quitecontroversial, at least non-traditional, and on that end I have been fightingtoo...well after some years, at least my own church is ok with it, and more andmore churches see it that way too... (after these many years).It has been a long struggle and will continue...

In all these struggles..of course many delicate politics involved, and in these years I find that univ and business com politics has lots of similarities, butchurch politics are like completely different and very er er...and lots ofprayers to see through these, I tell u... can't survive without the prayers andthat vision given by my God.

Cheers,

---------------------------------

er... you still don't know me? or mainly because MD/PhD is higher paid and more respectable than a pastor or psychotherapist (with similar years of> training)?

I am confident that I am a good psychotherapist, just that I don't know what> kind of therapy suit me yet. But u r right, I am sure I can get a MD, not difficult compared to being an academic.

I find being an academic person difficult, (not just because I am dyslexic), is that I am less and less persuaded by the paper-producing community that they> are getting closer to the truth, getting more benefits to humanity.

The overhead in getting rubbish to publish in order to survive, to get the right politics in order to survive is so high, and it leaves little room for pursue of truth. So much time and effort has to be spent in survival meaningless business.... especially I am not very smart and I am a bit perfectionistic, after getting over the stupid business, I really have little energy left for good science...

I want to solely indulge myself into the clinical training...but I have no money... It really takes a lot of heart...well...again I guess I suffer from perfectionism.. I don't know how to move.

The whole academic business is suffocating. I still remember what u said, "technique of writing/presentation has to do more than data in getting publication" well...so where is the truth...? No matter what data say, the author persent his/her faith, and try to get the data to support.

At the end of the day, I just want to help, make some real improvement on people's lives. Than data/paper to help me to survive in the ivory tower, because I want a certain level of living...

Can I earn my living by something more meaningful? If it means a lower standard of living..ha..ha ha..well not as low as in India gwa.

I went to villages in Thailand recently on a short missionary trip (with Thai govt's support), I absolutely enjoyed and having been dreaming of longer stay ever since...

HOnestly, can one still get the thrill in doing research???

I guess I need to shift to some topic where I have the competence in doing good research, or else I'd just dry up.

I was actually in the middle of registering on Fuller IDL last night as I fell asleep..
And then I woke up at 10am and completed it and fell asleep again...

so in the whole dream of divinity education and pursue...

I look at all the courses on IDL and was really feeling very excited about it.
I was amazed to find Ray Anderson there, author of ON BEING HUMAN, offering an IDL there and using a very creative test/assignments... I hate writing papers... so he hasn't got that at all... just answering 4 exam questions... I like that a lot!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

I feel so exciting and full and books all over me....
almost like the feeling of closeness and intimacy and comfort of being lightly and warmly sexually aroused....

Divinity

In these two-3 days, my mind is full of plan about divinity training as it has been in my call, and I fear that I might lose it as my love for Jungian grows, or maybe they are complementary, but it just takes so much time.

My biggest concern: when I give birth and raise a baby, when can I have the time, energy, heart, focus, money to do all these? And I thought that I might not be able to do Thai work if my baby is just 1-2 years old??? Well, actually, I think this is more possible as I don't have to worry about his/her education. If he or she is already 3yrs old, then I have to leave him or her behind in HK ??? I really can't.

And I think I'd face lots of opposition from parents about bringing a small baby to Thai villages and that it might get hurt or so... I don't think so at all!

I think it is a great opportunity for me to take a rest, focus on baby raising, away from work, and just do divinity courses in that half year.

Sense of loss

I woke up from a deep and hollow sense of permanent loss.

I know it is about the final end with K.

I suddenly woke up from my nap, heart sunken.

My feelings are still soooooooo very sad...

I want to cry but I can't...

Die Traumdeutung

The Interpretation of Dreams



http://www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/F_intdre.html

Chapter 1: The Scientific Literature...
Freud's discussion of why dreams are forgotten touches a variety of the concerns of modern cognitive psychology. Dreams are a continuation of the thought processes of the day, under the altered conditions of sleep.

Chapter 2: The Method of Interpreting Dreams: An Analysis of a Specimen Dream

Freud begins by distinguishing from his own interpretive method both the "symbolic" (e.g. Joseph's interpretation of Pharaoh's dream of fat and lean cows as signifying good and bad Egyptian harvests), and the "decoding" (in which each dream element is looked up in a list in which, e.g., "letter" means "trouble" and "funeral" means "betrothal") approaches.

Irma's Injection(hypertext version)

the hall: Bellevue ...
Irma: Female hysterics ...
"Irma's" pale and puffy face: Pregnancy ...
Irma's throat: Diphtheria ...
Irma's "throat's" curly structures: Nasal neurosis ...
M's beardless face and limp: Contempt ...
Irma's percussed body: Eroticism, shame ...
propyl ... trimethylamin: Sex ...

The "latent" (inferred) content
"I am not responsible for Irma's troubles."
"Her problem is sexual unfulfillment, not hysteria."
"Breuer/Oscar/Rosenberg made her sick, not me."
"What she needs is a good dose of ... trimethyl amine."
"She's too sexual/attractive/seductive for her/my own good."

Psychoanalysis

[edit] A Brief History of the Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychoanalysis was developed in Vienna in the 1890s by Sigmund Freud, a neurologist interested in finding an effective treatment for patients with neurotic or hysterical symptoms. Freud had become sensitized to the existence of mental processes that were not conscious as a result of his neurological consulting job at the Children's Hospital, where he noticed that many aphasic children had no organic cause for their symptoms. He wrote a monograph about this subject.[2] In the late 1880s, Freud obtained a grant to study with Jean-Martin Charcot, the famed neurologist and syphilologist, at the Salpêtrière in Paris. Charcot had become interested in patients who had symptoms that mimicked general paresis, the psychotic illness that occurs due to tertiary syphilis. Charcot had found that many patients experienced paralyses, pains, coughs, and a variety of other symptoms with no demonstrable physical cause. Prior to Charcot's work, women with these symptoms were thought to have a wandering uterus (the name hysteria means "uterus" in Greek), but Freud learned that men could have psychosomatic symptoms as well. He also became aware of an experimental treatment for hysteria utilized by his mentor and colleague, Dr. Josef Breuer. The treatment was a combination of hypnotism and catharsis which utilized abreaction (ventilation of emotion). This treatment was used to treat the hysterical symptoms of Dr. Breuer's now famous patient, Anna O.

Freud's first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was the so-called "seduction theory". Since his patients under treatment with this new method "remembered" incidents of having been sexually seduced in childhood, Freud believed that they had actually been abused only to later repress those memories. This led to his publication with Dr. Breuer in 1893 of case reports of the treatment of hysteria. [3] This first theory became untenable as an explanation of all incidents of hysteria. As a result of his work with his patients, Freud learned that the majority complained of sexual problems, especially coitus interruptus as birth control. He suspected their problems stemmed from cultural restrictions on sexual expression and that their sexual wishes and fantasies had been repressed. Between this discovery of the unexpressed sexual desires and the relief of the symptoms by abreaction, Freud began to theorize that the unconscious mind had determining effects on hysterical symptoms. His first comprehensive attempt at an explanatory theory was the then unpublished Project for a Scientific Psychology in 1895. [4] In this work Freud attempted to develop a neurophysiologic theory based on transfer of energy by the neurons in the brain in order to explain unconscious mechanisms. He abandoned the project when he came to realize that there was a complicated psychological process involved over and above neuronal activity. By 1900, Freud had discovered that dreams had symbolic significance, and generally were specific to the dreamer. Realizing that dreams were, as he said, the "royal road to the unconscious," Freud formulated his second psychological theory -- that of there being an unconscious "primary process" consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a "secondary process" of logical, conscious thoughts. This theory was published in his 1900 opus magnum, The Interpretation of Dreams. [5] Chapter VII was a re-working of the earlier "Project" and Freud outlined his "Topographic Theory". In this theory, which was mostly later supplanted by the Structural Theory, unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System Unconscious", unconscious due to society's condemnation of premarital sexual activity, and this repression created anxiety. Freud also discovered what most of us take for granted today: that dreams were symbolic and specific to the dreamer. Often, dreams give clues to unconscious conflicts, and for this reason, Freud referred to dreams as the "royal road to the Unconscious." This "topographic theory" is still popular in much of Europe, although it has been superseded in much of North America. [6]

In 1905, Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality [7]in which he laid out his discovery of so-called psychosexual phases: oral (ages 0-2), anal (2-4), phallic-oedipal (today called 1st genital) (3-6), latency (6-puberty), and mature genital (puberty-onward). His early formulation included the idea that because of societal restrictions, sexual wishes were repressed into an unconscious state, and that the energy of these unconscious wishes could be turned into anxiety or physical symptoms. Therefore the early treatment techniques, including hypnotism and abreaction, were designed to make the unconscious conscious in order to relieve the pressure and the apparently resulting symptoms.

In On Narcissism (1915) [8] Freud turned his attention to the subject of narcissism. Still utilizing an energic system, Freud conceptualized the question of energy directed at the self versus energy directed at others, called cathexis. By 1917, In "Mourning and Melancholia",he suggested that certain depressions were caused by turning guilt-ridden anger on the self. [9] In 1919 in "A Child is Being Beaten" he began to address the problems of self-destructive behavior (moral masochism) and frank sexual masochism.[10] Based on his experience with depressed and self-destructive patients, and pondering the carnage of WW I, Freud became dissatisfied with considering only oral and sexual motivations for behavior. By 1920, Freud addressed the power of identification (with the leader and with other members) in groups as a motivation for behavior (Group Psychology and Analysis of the Ego).[11] In that same year (1920) Freud suggested his "dual drive" theory of sexuality and aggression in, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, to try to begin to explain human destructiveness.[12]

The pinnacle year of theory for Freud occurred in 1923, when he presented his new "structural theory" of an id, ego, and superego in a book entitled, The Ego and the Id.[13] Therein, he revised the whole theory of mental functioning, now considering that repression was only one of many defense mechanisms, and that it occurred to reduce anxiety. Note the 180 degree shift - earlier he had thought that repression caused anxiety. Moreover, in 1926, in Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Freud laid out how intrapsychic conflict among drive and superego (wishes and guilt) caused anxiety, and how that anxiety could lead to an inhibition of mental functions, such as intellect and speech.[14] By 1936, the "Principle of Multiple Function" was clarified by Robert Waelder.[15] He widened the formulation that psychological symptoms were caused by and relieved conflict simultaneously. Moreover, symptoms (such as phobias and compulsions) each represented elements of some drive wish (sexual and/or aggressive), superego (guilt), anxiety, reality, and defenses. Also in 1936, Anna Freud, Sigmund's famous daughter, published her seminal book, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, outlining numerous ways the mind could shut upsetting things out of consciousness.[16]

Although criticized since its inception, psychoanalysis has been thriving as a research tool into childhood development [17], and has developed into a flexible, effective treatment for certain mental disturbances[18]. In the 1960s, Freud's early thoughts on the childhood development of female sexuality were challenged; this challenge led to the development of a variety of understandings of female sexual development, many of which modified the timing and normality of several of Freud's theories (which had been gleaned from the treatment of women with mental disturbances). Several researchers, [19] followed Karen Horney's studies of societal pressures that influence the development of women. Most contemporary North American psychoanalysts employ theories that, while based on those of Sigmund Freud, include many modifications of theory and practice developed since his death in 1939.

Masturbation was later added as another "royal road to the unconscious." The definitive text, covering the developmental and symbolic elements of masturbation, was prepared by Marcus and Francis (1975) in Masturbation - from Infancy to Senescence. [20]

Today, there are approximately 35 training institutes for psychoanalysis in the United States accredited by the American Psychoanalytic Association [1] [21]which is a component organization of the International Psychoanalytical Association, and there are over 3,000 graduated psychoanalysts practicing in the United States. The International Psychoanalytical Association accredits psychoanalytic training centers throughout the rest of the world, including countries such as Serbia, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Switzerland, and many others, as well as about six institutes directly in the U.S.

[edit] Classical Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Topographic theory, which was first described by Freud in "the Interpretation of Dreams" (1900) [22] The theory posits that the mental apparatus can be divided in to the systems Conscious, Pre-conscious and Unconsious. These systems are not anatomical structures of the brain but, rather, mental processes. Although Freud retained this theory throughout his life he largely replaced it with the Structural theory. The Topographic theory remains as one of the metapsychological points of view for describing how the mind functions in classical psychoanalytic theory.
  • Structural Theory, which breaks the mind up into the id, the ego, and the superego. Actually, in German, the word for id is "es," which means "it." The word ego was coined by Freud's translators; Freud used the term, "ich" meaning "I" in English. Freud called the superego the "Über-ich." The id was designated as the repository of sexual and aggressive wishes, which Freud called "drives." The ego was composed of those forces that opposed the drives -- defensive operations. The superego was Freud's term for the conscience -- values and ideals, shame and guilt. One problem Brenner (2006) later found with this theory (see above) was that Freud also suggested that forgotten thoughts ("the repressed") were also "located" in the id. However, Freud here realized that drives could be conscious or unconscious, and that consciousness vs. unconsciousness was a quality of any mental operation or any mental conflict. Forgetting things could be done on purpose, or not. People could be aware of guilt, or not aware.
  • Ego psychology, which was initially suggested by Freud in Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety (1926). The theory was refined by Hartmann, Loewenstein, and Kris in a series of papers and books from 1939 through the late 1960s. Leo Bellak was a later contributor. This series of constructs, paralleling some of the later developments of cognitive theory, includes the notions of autonomous ego functions: mental functions not dependent, at least in origin, on intrapsychic conflict. Such functions include: sensory perception, motor control, symbolic thought, logical thought, speech, abstraction, integration (synthesis), orientation, concentration, judgment about danger, reality testing, adaptive ability, executive decision-making, hygiene, and self-preservation. Freud noted that inhibition is one method that the mind may utilize to interfere with any of these functions in order to avoid painful emotions. Hartmann (1950s) pointed out that there may be delays or deficits in such functions. Frosch (1964) described differences in those people who demonstrated damage to their relationship to reality, but who seemed able to test it. Deficits in the capacity to organize thought are sometimes referred to as blocking or loose associations (Bleuler), and are characteristic of the schizophrenias. Deficits in abstraction ability and self-preservation also suggest psychosis in adults. Deficits in orientation and sensorium are often indicative of a medical illness affecting the brain (and therefore, autonomous ego functions). Deficits in certain ego functions are routinely found in severely sexually or physically abused children, where powerful affects generated throughout childhood seem to have eroded some functional development. Ego strengths, later described by Kernberg (1975), include the capacities to control oral, sexual, and destructive impulses; to tolerate painful affects without falling apart; and to prevent the eruption into consciousness of bizarre symbolic fantasy. Synthetic functions, in contrast to autonomous functions, arise from the developmet of the ego and serve the purpose of managing conflictual processes. Defenses are an example of synthetic functions and serve the purpose of protecting the conscious mind from awareness of forbidden impulses and thoughts. One purpose of ego psychology has been to emphasize that there are mental functions that can be considered to be basic, and not the derivatives of wishes, affects, or defenses. However, it is important to note that autonomous ego functions can be secondarily affected because of unconsious conflict. For example, a patient may have an hysterical amnesia (memory being an autonomous function) because of intrapsychic conflict (wishing not to remember because it is too painful).
  • Taken together, the above theories present a group of Metapsychological Assumptions. Therefore, the inclusive group of the different classical theories provides a cross-sectional view of human mentation. There are six "points of view", five of which were described by Freud and a sixth added by Hartmann. Unconscious processes can therefore be evaluated from each of these six points of view. The "points of view are" are: 1. Topographic 2. Dynamic (the theory of conflict) 3. Economic (the theory of energy flow) 4. Structural 5. Genetic (propositions concerning origin and development of psychological funtions) and 6. Adaptational (psychological phenomena as it relates to the external world).[23]
  • Conflict Theory is an update and revision of structural theory that does away with some of the more arcane features of structural theory (such as where repressed thoughts are stored). Conflict theory looks at how emotional symptoms and character traits are complex solutions to intrapsychic conflict. See Brenner (2006), Psychoanalysis: Mind and Meaning, New York: Psychoanalytic Quarterly Press. This revision of Freud's structural theory (Freud, 1923, 1926) dispenses with the concepts of a fixed id, ego and superego, and instead posits unconscious and conscious conflict among wishes (dependent, controlling, sexual, and aggressive), guilt and shame, emotions (especially anxiety and depressive affect), and defensive operations that shut off from consciousness some aspect of the others. Moreover, healthy functioning (adaptive) is also determined, to a great extent, by resolutions of conflict. A major goal of modern conflict theorist analysts is to attempt to change the balance of conflict through making aspects of the less adaptive solutions (also called compromise formations) conscious so that they can be rethought, and more adaptive solutions found. Current theoreticians following Brenner's many suggestions (see especially Brenner's 1982 book, "The Mind in Conflict") include Sandor Abend, MD (Abend, Porder, & Willick, (1983), Borderline Patients: Clinical Perspectives), Jacob Arlow (Arlow and Brenner (1964), Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory), and Jerome Blackman (2003), 101 Defenses: How the Mind Shields Itself). Conflict theory is one of the analytic theories taught in psychoanalytic institutes, throughout the United States, accredited by the American Psychoanalytic Association.
  • Object relations theory, which attempts to explain vicissitudes of human relationships through a study of how internal representations of self and of others are structured. The clinical problems that suggest object relations problems (usually developmental delays throughout life) include disturbances in an individual's capacity to feel warmth, empathy, trust, sense of security, identity stability, consistent emotional closeness, and stability in relationships with chosen other human beings. (It is not suggested that one should trust everyone, for example). Concepts regarding internal representations (also sometimes termed, "introjects," "self and object representations," or "internalizations of self and other") although often attributed to Melanie Klein, were actually first mentioned by Sigmund Freud in his early concepts of drive theory (1905, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality). Freud's 1917 paper "Mourning and Melancholia", for example, hypothesized that unresolved grief was caused by the survivor's internalized image of the deceased becoming fused with that of the survivor, and then the survivor shifting unacceptable anger toward the deceased onto the now complex self image. Vamik Volkan, in "Linking Objects and Linking Phenomena," expanded on Freud's thoughts on this, describing the syndromes of "Established pathological mourning" vs. "reactive depression" based on similar dynamics. Melanie Klein's hypotheses regarding internalizations during the first year of life, leading to paranoid and depressive positions, were later challenged by Rene Spitz (e.g., The First Year of Life, 1965), who divided the first year of life into a coenesthetic phase of the first six months, and then a diacritic phase for the second six months. Margaret Mahler (Mahler, Fine, and Bergman (1975), "The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant") and her group, first in New York, then in Philadelphia, described distinct phases and subphases of child development leading to "separation-individuation" during the first three years of life, stressing the importance of constancy of parental figures, in the face of the child's destructive aggression, to the child's internalizations, stability of affect management, and ability to develop healthy autonomy. Later developers of the theory of self and object constancy as it affects adult psychiatric problems such as psychosis and borderline states have been John Frosch, Otto Kernberg, and Salman Akhtar. Peter Blos described (1960, in a book called On Adolescence) how similar separation-individuation struggles occur during adolescence, of course with a different outcome from the first three years of life: the teen usually, eventually, leaves the parents' house (this varies with the culture). During adolescence, Erik Erikson (1950-1960s) described the "identity crisis," that involves identity-diffusion anxiety. In order for an adult to be able to experience "Warm-ETHICS" (warmth, empathy, trust, holding environment (Winnicott), identity, closeness, and stability) in relationships (see Blackman (2003), 101 Defenses: How the Mind Shields Itself), the teenager must resolve the problems with identity and redevelop self and object constancy.
  • Self psychology, which emphasizes the development of a stable sense of self through empathic contacts with other humans, and first of all with the maternal figure conceived as "selfobject" was developed originally by Heinz Kohut, and has been elucidated by the Ornsteins and Arnold Goldberg. Marian Tolpin explicated the need for "transmuting internalizations" (1971) during treatment, to correct what Kohut referred to as a disturbance in the "self-object" internalizations from parents.
  • Lacanian psychoanalysis, which integrates psychoanalysis with semiotics and Hegelian philosophy, is popular in France and Latin America. Lacanian psychoanalysis is a departure from the traditional British and American psychoanalysis, which is predominantly Ego psychology. Lacan frequently used the phrase "retourner à Freud" in his seminars and writings meaning "back to Freud" as he claimed that his theories were an extension of Freud's own, contrary to those of Anna Freud, the Ego Psychology, object relations and "self" theories. Lacan's first major contributions concern the "mirror stage", the Real, the Imaginary and the Symbolic, and the claim the "unconscious is structured as a language".
  • Feminist theory of psychoanalysis, articulated mainly by Julia Kristeva (the "semiotic" and "abjection"), Luce Irigaray (challenging "phallogocentrism") and Bracha Ettinger (the "matrixial trans-subjectivity" and the "primal mother-phantasies"), is informed both by Freud, Lacan and the object relations theory.
  • Relational psychoanalysis, which combines interpersonal psychoanalysis with object-relations theory and with Inter-subjective theory as critical for mental health, was introduced by Stephen Mitchell.[24] Relational psychoanalysis emphasizes how the individual's personality is shaped by both real and imagined relationships with others, and how these relationship patterns are re-enacted in the interactions between analyst and patient. Fonagy and Target, in London, have propounded their view of the necessity of helping certain detached, isolated patients, develop the capacity for "mentalization" associated with thinking about relationships and themselves.
  • Modern psychoanalysis, a body of theoretical and clinical knowledge developed by Hyman Spotnitz and his colleagues, extended Freud's theories so as to make them applicable to the full spectrum of emotional disorders. Modern psychoanalytic interventions are primarily intended to provide an emotional-maturational communication to the patient, rather than to promote intellectual insight.

Although these theoretical "schools" differ, most of them continue to stress the strong influence of unconscious elements affecting people's mental lives. There has also been considerable work done on consolidating elements of conflicting theory (cf. the work of Theodore Dorpat, B. Killingmo, and S. Akhtar). As in all fields of medicine (for example, [2]}, there are some persistent conflicts regarding specific causes of some syndromes, and disputes regarding the best treatment techniques.

Today psychoanalytic ideas are embedded in the culture, especially in childcare, education, literary criticism, cultural studies, and in psychiatry, particularly medical and non-medical psychotherapy. Though there is a mainstream of evolved analytic ideas, there are groups who more specifically follow the precepts of one or more of the later theoreticians. It also plays a role in literary analysis. See Archetypal literary criticism.

[edit] Psychopathology (mental disturbances)

The various psychoses involve deficits in the autonomous ego functions (see above) of integration (organization) of thought, in abstraction ability, in relationship to reality and in reality testing. In depressions with psychotic features, the self-preservation function may also be damaged (sometimes by overwhelming depressive affect). Because of the integrative deficits (often causing what general psychiatrists call "loose associations," "blocking," "flight of ideas," "verbigeration," and "thought withdrawal"), the development of self and object representations is also impaired. Clinically, therefore, psychotic individuals manifest limitations in warmth, empathy, trust, identity, closeness and/or stability in relationships (due to problems with self-object fusion anxiety) as well.

In patients whose autonomous ego functions are more intact, but who still show problems with object relations, the diagnosis often falls into the category known as "borderline." Borderline patients also show deficits, often in controlling impulses, affects, or fantasies -- but their ability to test reality remains more or less intact.

Those adults who do not experience guilt and shame, and who indulge in criminal behavior, are usually diagnosed as psychopaths, or, using DSM-IV-TR, antisocial personality disorder.

Panic, phobias, conversions, obsessions, compulsions and depressions (analysts call these "neurotic symptoms") are not usually caused by deficits in functions. Instead, they are caused by intrapsychic conflicts. The conflicts are generally among sexual and hostile-aggressive wishes, guilt and shame, and reality factors. The conflicts may be conscious or unconscious, but create anxiety, depressive affect, and anger. Finally, the various elements are managed by defensive operations -- essentially shut-off brain mechanisms that make people unaware of that element of conflict. "Repression" is the term given to the mechanism that shuts thoughts out of consciousness. "Isolation of affect" is the term used for the mechanism that shuts sensations out of consciousness. Neurotic symptoms may occur with or without deficits in ego functions, object relations, and ego strengths. Therefore, it is not uncommon to encounter obsessive-compulsive schizophrenics, panic patients who also suffer with borderline personality disorder, etc.

Furthermore, we know that many adult problems can trace their origins to unresolved conflicts from certain phases of childhood and adolescence. Freud, based on the data gathered from his patients early in his career, suspected that neurotic disturbances occurred when children were sexually abused in childhood (the so-called seduction theory). Later, Freud came to realize that, although child abuse occurs, that not all neurotic symptoms were associated with this. He realized that neurotic people often had unconscious conflicts that involved incestuous fantasies deriving from different stages of development. He found the stage from about three to six years of age (preschool years, today called the "first genital stage") to be filled with fantasies about marriage with both parents. Although arguments were generated in early 20th-century Vienna about whether adult seduction of children was the basis of neurotic illness, there is virtually no argument about this problem in the 21st century.

Many psychoanalysts who work with children have studied the actual effects of child abuse, which include ego and object relations deficits and severe neurotic conflicts. Much research has been done on these types of trauma in childhood, and the adult sequelae of those. On the other hand, many adults with symptom neuroses and character pathology have no history of childhood sexual or physical abuse.

In studying the childhood factors that start neurotic symptom development, Freud found a constellation of factors that, for literary reasons, he termed the Oedipus complex (based on the play by Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, where the protagonist unwittingly kills his father Laius and marries his mother Jocasta). The shorthand term, "oedipal," (later explicated by Joseph Sandler in "On the Concept Superego" (1960) and modified by Charles Brenner in "The Mind in Conflict" (1982)) refers to the powerful attachments that children make to their parents in the preschool years. These attachments involve fantasies of marriage to either (or both) parent, and, therefore, competitive fantasies toward either (or both) parents. Humberto Nagera (1975) has been particularly helpful in clarifying many of the complexities of the child through these years.

The terms "positive" and "negative" oedipal conflicts have been attached to the heterosexual and homosexual aspects, respectively. Both seem to occur in development of most children. Eventually, the developing child's concessions to reality (that they will neither marry one parent nor eliminate the other) lead to identifications with parental values. These identifications generally create a new set of mental operations regarding values and guilt, subsumed under the term "superego." Besides superego development, children "resolve" their preschool oedipal conflicts through channeling wishes into something their parents approve of ("sublimations") and the development, during the school-age years ("latency") of age-appropriate obsessive-compulsive defensive maneuvers (rules, repetitive games).

[edit] Indications and contraindications for analytic treatment

Using the various analytic theories to assess mental problems, several particular constellations of problems are particularly suited for analytic techniques (see below) whereas other problems respond better to medicines and different interpersonal interventions.

To be treated with psychoanalysis, whatever the presenting problem, the person requesting help must demonstrate

  1. good capacity to organize thought (integrative function)
  2. good abstraction ability
  3. reasonable ability to observe self and others
  4. some capacity for trust and empathy
  5. some ability to control emotion and urges, and
  6. good contact with reality (excludes most psychotic patients)
  7. some guilt and shame (excludes most criminals and sex offenders)
  8. reasonable self-preservation ability (excludes severely suicidal patients)

If any of the above are faulty, then modifications of techniques, or completely different treatment approaches, must be instituted. The more there are deficits of serious magnitude in any of the above mental operations (1-8), the more psychoanalysis as treatment is contraindicated, and the more medication and supportive approaches are indicated. In non-psychotic first-degree criminals, any treatment is often contraindicated.

The problems treatable with analysis include: phobias, conversions, compulsions, obsessions, anxiety attacks, depressions, sexual dysfunctions, a wide variety of relationship problems (such as dating and marital strife), and a wide variety of character problems (for example, painful shyness, meanness, obnoxiousness, workaholism, hyperseductiveness, hyperemotionality, hyperfastidiousness). The fact that many of such patients also demonstrate deficits in numbers 1-8 above makes diagnosis and treatment selection difficult.

[edit] Technique

The basic method of psychoanalysis is interpretation of the analysand's unconscious conflicts that are interfering with current-day functioning -- conflicts that are causing painful symptoms such as phobias, anxiety, depression, and compulsions. Strachey (1936) stressed that figuring out ways the patient distorted perceptions about the analyst led to understanding what may have been forgotten (also see Freud's paper "Repeating, Remembering, and Working Through"). In particular, unconscious hostile feelings toward the analyst could be found in symbolic, negative reactions to what Robert Langs later called the "frame" of the therapy -- the setup that included times of the sessions, payment of fees, and necessity of talking. In patients who made mistakes, forgot, or showed other peculiarities regarding time, fees, and talking, the analyst can usually find various unconscious "resistances" to the flow of thoughts (sometimes called free association).

Freud's patients would lie on this couch during psychoanalysis
Freud's patients would lie on this couch during psychoanalysis

When the patient reclines on a couch with the analyst out of view, the patient tends to remember more, experience more resistance and transference, and be able to reorganize thoughts after the development of insight -- through the interpretive work of the analyst. Although fantasy life can be understood through the examination of dreams, masturbation fantasies (cf. Marcus, I. and Francis, J. (1975), Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence) are also important. The analyst is interested in how the patient reacts to and avoids such fantasies (cf. Paul Gray (1994), The Ego and the Analysis of Defense).[25] Various memories of early life are generally distorted -- Freud called them "screen memories" -- and in any case, very early experiences (before age two) -- can not be remembered (See the child studies of Eleanor Galenson on "evocative memory").

[edit] Variations in technique

There is what is known among psychoanalysts as "classical technique," although Freud throughout his writings deviated from this considerably, depending on the problems of any given patient. Classical technique was best summarized by Allan Compton, MD, as comprising:

  1. instructions (telling the patient to try to say what's on their mind, including interferences)
  2. exploration (asking questions)
  3. clarification (rephrasing and summarizing what the patient has been describing)
  4. confrontation (bringing an aspect of functioning, usually a defense, to the patient's attention)
  5. dynamic interpretation (explaining how being too nice guards against guilt, e.g. - defense vs. affect)
  6. genetic interpretation (explaining how a past event is influencing the present)
  7. resistance interpretation (showing the patient how they are avoiding their problems)
  8. transference interpretation (showing the patient ways old conflicts arise in current relationships, including that with the analyst)
  9. dream interpretation (obtaining the patient's thoughts about their dreams and connecting this with their current problems)
  10. reconstruction (estimating what may have happened in the past that created some current day difficulty)

Clearly, these techniques are primarily based on conflict theory (see above). As object relations theory evolved, supplemented by the work of Bowlby, Ainsorth, and Beebe, techniques with patients who had more severe problems with basic trust (Erikson, 1950) and a history of maternal deprivation (see the works of Augusta Alpert) led to new techniques with adults. These have sometimes been called interpersonal, intersubjective (cf. Stolorow), relational, or corrective object relations techniques. These techniques include:

  1. expressing an experienced empathic attunement to the patient
  2. expressing a certain dosage of warmth
  3. exposing a bit of the analyst's personal life or attitudes to the patient
  4. allowing the patient autonomy in the form of disagreement with the analyst (cf. I.H. Paul, Letters to Simon.)
  5. explanations of the motivations of others which the patient misperceives

Finally, ego psychological concepts of deficit in functioning led to refinements in supportive therapy. These techniques are particularly applicable to psychotic and near-psychotic (cf., Eric Marcus, "Psychosis and Near-psychosis") patients. These supportive therapy techniques include:

  1. discussions of reality
  2. encouragement to stay alive (including hospitalization)
  3. psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming depressive affect
  4. psychotropic medicines to relieve overwhelming fantasies (hallucinations and delusions)
  5. advice about the meanings of things (to counter abstraction failures)

The notion of the "silent analyst" has been made into negative propaganda against analysis. Actually, the analyst listens in a special way (see Arlow's paper on "The Genesis of Interpretation"). Much active intervention is necessary by the analyst to interpret resistances, defenses creating pathology, and fantasies that are being displaced into the current day inappropriately. Silence and non-responsiveness was actually a technique promulgated by Carl Rogers, in his development of so-called "Client Centered Therapy" -- and is not a technique of psychoanalysis (also see the studies and opinion papers of Owen Renik, MD).

"Analytic Neutrality" is a concept that does not mean the analyst is silent. It refers to the analyst's position of not taking sides in the internal struggles of the patient. For example, if a patient feels guilty, the analyst might explore what the patient has been doing or thinking that causes the guilt, but not reassure the patient not to feel guilty. The analyst might also explore the identifications with parents and others that led to the guilt.

Although single-client sessions remain the norm, psychoanalytic theory has been used to develop other types of psychological treatment. Psychoanalytic group therapy was pioneered by Trigant Burrow, Joseph Pratt, Paul F. Schilder, Samuel R. Slavson, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Wolfe. Child-centered counseling for parents was instituted early in analytic history by Freud, and was later further developed by Irwin Marcus, Edith Schulhofer, and Gilbert Kliman. Psychoanalytically based couples therapy has been promulgated and explicated by Fred Sander, MD.

References

1 http://www.personalityresearch.org/psychoanalysis.html
2 Mitchell, S.A., & Black, M.J. (1995). Freud and beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books, New York. xviii-xx.
3 www.psychoanalytischinstituut.nl
4 www.psychoanalytischinstituut.nl
5 www.npg-utrecht.nl/npg.htm
6 http://www.rino.nl/postdoc/studenten/psychotherapeut/
7 International Psychoanalytical Association
8 American Psychoanalytical Association
9 American Psychoanalytical Association
10 American Psychoanalytical Association
11 www.answers.com
12 www.answers.com

.

References

  1. ^ a Glossary of Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts, Moore and Fine, 1968, page 78
  2. ^ Freud, S (1891). On Aphasia. NY: International Universities Press, 1953
  3. ^ Freud S. Studies in Hysteria. S.E., Vol II, Hogarth Press, 1955
  4. ^ Freud S. Project for a Scientific Psychology. S.E., Vol I, Hogarth Press. 1955
  5. ^ Freud S. The Interpretation of Dreams. , S.E. Vols IV and V. Hogarth Press. 1955
  6. ^ (Arlow and Brenner. "Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory" NY: International Universities Press. 1964.
  7. ^ Freud S. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. S.E., Vol VII. Hogarth Press. 1955
  8. ^ Freud S. On Narcissism. S.E. Vol XIV. Hogarth Press. 1955
  9. ^ Freud S. Mourning and Melancholia. S.E. Vol XVII. Hogarth Press. 1955
  10. ^ Freud S. A Child is Being Beaten. S.E. Vol XVII. Hogarth Press. 1955
  11. ^ Freud S. Group Psychology and Analysis of the Ego. S.E. Vol XVIII. Hogarth Press. 1955
  12. ^ Freud S. Beyond the Pleasure Priniple. S.E. Vol XVIII. Hogarth Press. 1955
  13. ^ Freud S. The Ego and the Id. S.E. Vol XIX.
  14. ^ Freud S. Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety. S.E. Vol XX
  15. ^ Waelder R. The Priciples of Multiple Function: Observations on Over-Determination. IJP. 1936
  16. ^ Freud A. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. IUP. 1966
  17. ^ (cf. the journal The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child)
  18. ^ Wallerstein's (2000) Forty-Two Lives in Treatment: A Study of Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy
  19. ^ Blum H. Masochism, the Ego Ideal and the Psychology of Women, JAPA 1976
  20. ^ Madison, CT: International Universities Press
  21. ^ see www.apsa.org
  22. ^ Freud S. The Interpretation of Dreams. 1900. S.E. Vols IV and V,; The Unconscious. 1915. S.E. Vol XIV, Hogarth Press.
  23. ^ Rapaport and Gill. the Points of view and Assumptions of Metapsychology. IJP. 1959.
  24. ^ Mitchell S. Influence and Autonomy in Psychoanalysis. the Analytic Press. 1997.
  25. ^ Gray P. The Ego and Analysis of Defense. J. Aronson. 1994
  26. ^ Morris N. Eagle, Ph.D. (2007). Psychoanalytic Psychology, 24:10-24 Psychoanalysis and its Critics
  27. ^ www.ipa.org.uk
  28. ^ www.apsa.org
  29. ^ www.efpp.org
  30. ^ Tuhus-Dubrow, Rebecca (2005, April 12). Head case. The Village Voice.
  31. ^ Tallis, R.C. (1996). Burying Freud. Lancet, 347, 669-671. PubMed.
  32. ^ Cf. Blum, Harold P. (Ed.) (1977). Female Psychology. New York: International Universities Press. Also see the various works of Eleanor Galenson, Nancy Chodorow, Karen Horney, Francoise Dolto, Bracha Ettinger, Melanie Klein, and others.
  33. ^ a b Popper KR, "Science: Conjectures and Refutations", reprinted in Grim P (1990) Philosophy of Science and the Occult, Albany, pp. 104-110. See also Conjectures and Refutations.
  34. ^ Weeks, Jeffrey. Sexuality and its Discontents: Meanings, Myths, and Modern Sexualities. New York: Routledge, 176. ISBN 0-415-04503-7.
  35. ^ Jacues Lacan, Ecrits. A Selection. Trans. by Alan Sheridan. London: Tavistock, 1977, and The Seminars of Jaques Lacan
  36. ^ Bracha Ettinger, "From Proto-ethical Compassion to Responsibility: Besideness, and the three Primal Mother-Phantasies of Not-enoughness, Devouring and Abandonment". Athena: Philosophical Studies. Vol. 2 (Vilnius: Versus). 2006. ISSN 1822-5047. and "Com-passionate Co-response-ability, Initiation in Jointness, and the link x of Matrixial Virtuality". In: Gorge(l). Oppression and relief in Art. Edited by Sofie Van Loo. Royal Museum of Fine Art. Antwerp, 2006.
  37. ^ Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Anti-Oedipus. London: Athlone, 1984. ISBN 0-485-30018-4.
  38. ^ Luce Irigaray, Speculum. Paris: Minuit, 1974. ISBN 2-7073-0024-1
  39. ^ Wilkinson G. Psychoanalysis and analytic psychotherapy in the NHS--a problem for medical ethics. J Med Ethics. 1986 Jun;12(2):87-94.
  40. ^ John M. Ingham (2007), Simplicity and complexity in anthropology. On the Horizon, 15(1), 7-14. doi:10.1108/10748120710735220.

[edit] Literature

Introductions
  • Brenner, Charles (1954). An elementary textbook of psychoanalysis.
  • Elliott, Anthony (2002). Psychoanalytic Theory: An Introduction, Second Edition, Duke University Press - an introduction that explains psychoanalytic theory with interpretations of major theorists.
Reference works
  • International dictionary of psychoanalysis : [enhanced American version], ed. by Alain de Mijolla, 3 vls., Detroit [etc.] : Thomson/Gale, 2005
  • Jean Laplanche and J.B. Pontalis: "The Language of Psycho-Analysis", W. W. Norton & Company, 1974, ISBN 0-393-01105-4
General
  • Berman, J. (2003). [Review of the book The writing cure: How expressive writing promotes health and well-being.] Psychoanalytic Psychology, 20(3), 575-578.
  • Jose Bleger "Symbiosis and Ambiguity: The Psychoanalysis of Very Early Development", Publisher: Free Association Books, 1990, ISBN 1-85343-134-6
  • Walter Bromberg, M.D.
    • "The Mind of Man: The Story of Man's Conquest of Mental Illness", 1938.
    • "The The Mind of Man. A History of Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis", 1954.
    • "From Shaman to Psychotherapist: A History of the Treatment of Mental Illness", 1976.
  • Stefano Bolognini: "Like wind, like wave - An Italian psychoanalyst and raconteur reflects insightfully on life and the common experiences that make us human", Other Press Books, 2006, ISBN 1-59051-179-4
  • Stefano Bolognini: "Psychoanalytic Empathy", Free Association Books, London, 2004
  • Corey, G. (2001). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Thompson Learning
  • George Devereux, [ed.], "Psychoanalysis and the Occult", New York, International Universities Press, 1953.
  • Bracha Ettinger, "The Matrixial Borderspace." University of Minnesota Press (2006). ISBN 0-8166-3587-0
  • Bracha Ettinger, "Com-passionate Co-response-ability, Initiation in Jointness, and the link x of Matrixial Virtuality". In: Gorge(l). Oppression and relief in Art. Edited by Sofie Van Loo. Royal Museum of Fine Art. Antwerpen, 2006.
  • Firestone, R.W. (2002). "The death of psychoanalysis and depth therapy." [Electronic version]. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, and Training, 39(3), 223-232.
  • Seymour Fisher, The Scientific Credibility of Freud's Theories and Therapy, Columbia University Press (1985), trade paperback, ISBN 0-231-06215-X
  • Ernest Gellner, The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason, . A critical view of Freudian theory. ISBN 0-8101-1370-8
  • André Green : "Psychoanalysis: A Paradigm For Clinical Thinking", Free Association Books, 2005, ISBN 1-85343-773-5
  • Calvin S. Hall, A Primer of Freudian Psychology, The World Publishing Company; and Mentor Books via The New American Library, 1954
  • Luce Irigaray, "Key Writings". Continuum, 2004, ISBN 0-8264-6940-X
  • Edith Jacobson : "Depression; Comparative Studies of Normal, Neurotic, and Psychotic Conditions", Publisher: International Universities Press, 1976, ISBN 0-8236-1195-7
  • John Kafka: "Multiple Realities in Clinical Practice", Yale University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-300-04350-3
  • Otto Kernberg : "Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic", Yale University Press; edition 1993, ISBN 0-300-05349-5
  • Heinz Kohut : "Analysis of the Self: Systematic Approach to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders", International Universities Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8236-8002-9
  • Kramer, Peter D., Listening to Prozac: A Psychiatrist Explores Antidepressant Drugs and the Remaking of the Self ISBN 0-670-84183-8.
  • Julia Kristeva, "The Kristeva Reader", edited by Toril Moi, Columbia University Press, 1986. ISBN 0-231-06235-3
  • Luhrmann, T.M., Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry ISBN 0-679-42191-2.
  • Mitchell, S. & Black, M. (1995). Freud and Beyond: A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Thought, ISBN 0-465-01405-4
  • Donald Meltzer The Kleinian Development (New edition), Karnac Books; Reprint edition 1998, ISBN 1-85575-194-1
  • Donald Meltzer : "Dream-Life: A Re-Examination of the Psycho-Analytical Theory and Technique" Publisher: Karnac Books, 1983, ISBN 0-902965-17-4
  • Griselda Pollock, "Beyond Oedipus. Feminist Thought, Psychoanalysis, and Mythical Figurations of the Feminine." In: Laughing with Medusa. Edited by Vanda Zajko and Miriam Leonard. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-927438-X
  • Heinrich Racker : Transference and Counter-Transference, International Universities Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8236-8323-0
  • Herbert A Rosenfeld: "Impasse and Interpretation: Therapeutic and Anti-Therapeutic Factors in the Psycho-Analytic Treatment of Psychotic, Borderline, and Neurotic Patients", Tavistock Publications, 1987, ISBN 0-422-61010-0
  • Harold F Searles : "Collected Papers on Schizophrenia and Related Subjects", International Universities Press, 1966, ISBN 0-8236-0980-4
  • Hanna Segal (2003). : The Work of Hanna Segal: A Kleinian Approach to Clinical Practice (Classical Psychoanalysis and Its Applications). Jason Aronson, 1993), ISBN 0-87668-422-3
  • Sabina Spielrein : "Destruction as cause of becoming", 1993, OCLC 44450080
  • John Steiner: Psychic Retreats, Publisher: Routledge; 1993, ISBN 0-415-09924-2
  • Robert Stoller : "Presentations of Gender", Yale University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-300-05474-2
  • Rene Spitz : "The First Year of Life: Psychoanalytic Study of Normal and Deviant Development of Object Relations", International Universities Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8236-8056-8
  • Thomson, C.L, Rudolph L.B., & Henderson, D. (2004). Counseling children (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Thompson.
  • Tori, C.D. & Blimes, M. (Fall 2002). Cross-cultural and Psychoanalytic Psychology: The Validation of defense measure in an Asian population. [Electronic version]. Psychoanalytic psychology, 19(4), 701-421.
  • Donald Winnicott : "Playing and Reality", Routledge; edition 2005, ISBN 0-415-34546-4
  • Eli Zaretsky, "Secrets of the Soul: A Social and Cultural History of Psychoanalysis", Vintage Books, 2005, ISBN 1400079233
  • Westen & Gabbard (2002). Cognitive Neuroscience & Transference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 50 (1), 100 - 130.

[edit] Critiques of psychoanalysis

  • Aziz, Robert (2007). The Syndetic Paradigm: The Untrodden Path Beyond Freud and Jung. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6982-8.
  • Borch-Jacobsen, Mikkel (1996). Remembering Anna O: A century of mystification London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91777-8
  • Cioffi, Frank. (1998). Freud and the Question of Pseudoscience, Open Court Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8126-9385-X
  • Erwin, Edward, A Final Accounting: Philosophical and Empirical Issues in Freudian Psychology ISBN 0-262-05050-1
  • Fisher, Seymour, Greenberg Roger P. (1977). The Scientific Credibility of Freud’s Theories and Therapy. New York: Basic Books.
  • Fisher, Seymour, Greenberg Roger P. (1996). Freud Scientifically Reappraised: Testing the Theories and Therapy. New York: John Wiley.
  • Gellner, Ernest, The Psychoanalytic Movement: The Cunning of Unreason. A critical view of Freudian theory, ISBN 0-8101-1370-8
  • Grünbaum, Adolf (1979), Is Freudian Psychoanalytic Theory Pseudo-Scientific by Karl Popper's Criterion of Demarcation? American Philosophical Quarterly, 16, 131-141.
  • Grünbaum, Adolf (1985) The Foundations of Psychoanalysis: A Philosophical Critique ISBN 0-520-05017-7
  • Loftus, Elizabeth F. & Ketcham, K. (1994) The Myth of Repressed Memory. New York: St. Martin's Press.
  • Macmillan, Malcolm, Freud Evaluated: The Completed Arc ISBN 0-262-63171-7
  • Morley S, Eccleston C, Williams A. (1999) Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain, 80(1-2), 1-13.
  • Webster, Richard. (1995). Why Freud Was Wrong, New York: Basic Books, Harper Collins. ISBN 0-465-09128-8
  • [6] Skeptic's dictionary entry on psychoanalysis
  • [7] Skeptic's dictionary entry on repressed memory .

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